), such as the sh, ch and zh occurring in English words like ship, chip and vision Retroflex sounds must be distinguished from other consonants made in the same parts of the mouth: For example, Ladefoged and Maddieson prefer to call the laminal post-alveolar sounds "flat post-alveolar". Subapical sounds are sometimes called "true retroflex" because of the curled-back shape of the tongue, and the other sounds sometimes go by other names. They are not a place of articulation, as the IPA chart implies, but a shape of the tongue analogous to laminal and apical. They are the dullest and lowest-pitched type and, after a vowel, often add strong r-coloring to the vowel and sound as if an American English r occurred between the vowel and consonant. Subapical palatal, with a highly concave tongue, which occur particularly in the Dravidian languages and some Indo-Aryan languages.These occur, for example, in Mandarin zh, ch, sh, r, Hindi and other Indo-Aryan languages.
Apical post-alveolar, with a somewhat concave tongue.These occur, for example, in Polish cz, sz, ż (rz), dż. Laminal post-alveolar, with a flat tongue.The main combinations normally observed are: The farther back the point of contact with the roof of the mouth, the more concave is the shape of the tongue, and the duller (lower pitched) is the sound, with subapical consonants being the most extreme. Retroflex sounds generally have a duller, lower-pitched sound than other alveolar or postalveolar consonants, especially the grooved alveolar sibilants. The greatest variety of combinations occurs with sibilants, because for them, small changes in tongue shape and position cause significant changes in the resulting sound. Finally, both sibilant ( fricative or affricate) and nonsibilant ( stop, nasal, lateral, rhotic) consonants can have a retroflex articulation. The point of contact on the roof of the mouth may be with the alveolar ridge ( alveolar), the area behind the alveolar ridge ( postalveolar), or the hard palate ( palatal). The point of contact on the tongue may be with the tip ( apical), with the blade ( laminal), or with the underside of the tongue ( subapical). The tongue may be either flat or concave, or even with the tip curled back. Retroflex consonants, like other coronal consonants, come in several varieties, depending on the shape of the tongue.
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